Only 22 people are needed to create a colony on Mars, an optimistic new study suggests. However, not everyone agrees, and some experts think many more people would be needed to create a lasting human presence on the Red Planet.

In the study, which was uploaded to the pre-print database arXiv on Aug. 11 and has not been peer-reviewed, researchers used a computer program, known as an agent-based model (ABM), to predict how many people would be needed to sustain a colony on Mars. ABMs simulate how well groups react to challenging scenarios based on their personality types.

The model looked at four personality types: agreeables, who are not very competitive or aggressive; socials, who are extroverted and do well in social settings; reactives, who struggle to deal with changes to routine; and neurotics, who are highly competitive and aggressive. The model then varied the number of each type when doing key tasks such as Martian mining and farming.

The researchers found that iIf most people were agreeables or socials, just 22 people could sustain a colony. With more neurotics and reactives, larger groups were needed to succeed.

Limiting the size of the first Martian colonies will be very important, because the more people and equipment that are needed, the more expensive it will be.

Related: How long will it take for humans to colonize Mars?

However, the study has major limitations. For example, the model assumed that someone else had built the colony's infrastructure, such as buildings, vehicles and other equipment. The first colonists were also assumed to have seven years' worth of energy from a mini nuclear reactor, like the ones that power the Mars rovers, and to receive regular supplies from Earth.

The model also only simulated the first 28 years of the colony. Models were deemed a success as long as at least 10 people survived to the mission's end.

As a result, not everyone is convinced that a colony with so few people would work out in reality, especially if the end goal is creating a self-sustaining civilization on the Red Planet.

"Twenty-two people is not enough to build and sustain a fully functioning and autonomous colony on Mars," Jean-Marc Salotti, an astronautics researcher at the IMS (integration from material to systems) laboratory in Bordeaux, France, told Live Science. Salotti's research had previously found the minimum to be 110 people.

Just 22 people may survive on the planet for a limited time — as long as they have the necessary infrastructure, energy and resources — but they would not thrive, he added.

And while the new study's idea of factoring in personality types was a smart move, it also has its limitations, Salotti said.

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"For a colony, a simple dispute or conflict could lead to a disaster," Salotti said. But the four personality types used in the study are "oversimplified, he added. Building and sustaining an autonomous colony on Mars requires more people with a greater range of knowledge and skills to overcome the challenges they would face, Salotti said. So he stands by his minimum estimate of 110 for future missions.

A long-term Martian colony would also require a much larger gene pool than 22 people, Salotti said. If not, Martian babies would run into problems with inbreeding, which would reduce resilience and increase the odds of a disease or physiological defect wiping them out.

In a 2018 paper, also uploaded to arXiv, researchers calculated that producing a genetically viable human population on a one-way trip to Proxima Centauri, the nearest star system, would require at least 98 people. A similar number would be needed on Mars, Salotti said.